We are going through some of the hottest days in recent times while further West, traditionally arid places have been encountering floods. There was a “mini-tornado” in Northern West Bengal, India, just recently. The World Meteorological Organization has
warned that Asia is especially vulnerable to extreme weather events. In 2023, 79 hydro-meteorological hazards affected Asia, with 9 million people impacted directly. What is interesting is that the WMO points out heat issues are not well reported. Yet very
high temperatures create problems for productivity, trigger health problems and lead to death. And of course, water-bodies dry up. New reportage often mixes up El Nino and climate change as the causes of erratic weather patterns. But this is what NASA has
to say- “As Earth’s climate changes, it is impacting extreme weather across the planet. Record-breaking heat waves on land and in the ocean, drenching rains, severe floods, years-long droughts, extreme wildfires, and widespread flooding during hurricanes are
all becoming more frequent and more intense”(https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/extreme-weather/). The UK Met Office has some interesting pointers. Changes in intensity of frequency
of UK warm spells, it says, are linked to climate change and these will increase. Conversely, cold spells will decrease. Global heat waves, linked to climate change, are increasing and will increase; global cold events are decreasing and will keep decreasing;
both global heavy rain and drought will increase. (https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/effects-of-climate-change).

I have looked at and not included many news articles and published opinion, either because I felt these were mixing up El Nino and climate change, were not otherwise clear, or were likely to be considered pre-opinionated. I admit there is much more literature
which needs to be considered and evidence that may be forthcoming later. But it is reasonable to suggest that in the world of financial services, uncertainty around extreme weather events and possible disruption of seasons are issues we need to consider now.
Let us keep in mind this quote from Aditi Sheshadri, Stanford Researcher quoted  by Stanford News(https://news.stanford.edu/2021/12/14/warming-makes-weather-less-predictable/).
The relevant paper is Midlatitude Error Growth in Atmospheric GCMs: The Role of Eddy Growth Rate by Aditi Sheshadri, Marshall Borrus, Mark Yoder, Thomas Robinson. Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 48, Issue 23. Her quote goes as follows -“Our results show
the state of the climate in general has implications for how many days out you can say something that’s accurate about the weather…” Stanford News summarises some of the findings and implications thus-“The new research, based on computer simulations of a simplified
Earth system and a comprehensive global climate model, suggests the window for accurate forecasts in the midlatitudes is several hours shorter with every degree (Celsius) of warming. This could translate to less time to prepare and mobilize for big storms
in balmy winters than in frigid ones…..For precipitation, predictability falls by about a day with every 3 C rise in temperature. The effect is more muted for wind and temperature, with one day of predictability lost with each 5 C increase in temperature”.

The frameworks within which we can transact assume a certain order in our natural environment. For example,  let’s take the predictability of seasons.   That is the cornerstone of stock markets, elections, commodity trade, etc. Even, to an extent, a long-witnessed
calendar of disasters and subsequent cycles of recovery remains essential. When such frameworks are no longer certain, the value of assets, the bases of valuation and the ability to monetise these need to be reconsidered. This is a matter of concern for all
of us.  This may be a shift from the traditional unpredictability that has been always held to be a part of weather reporting. If the pattern of rain changes from one year to another over an extended period, crops will be at risk and an entire chain of events
will be triggered as a result. 

Physical assets include the “commons” as well as those owned through titles. The physical world, our lived environment, is dependent upon weather patterns. It is also vulnerable to sudden changes in these patterns. Let’s take a small example. What if unseasonal
heavy rains across a region lead to shortages in vegetables shipped from one country to another within that region? Now let us say the anomaly becomes a pattern in itself. The industries affected across borders will include logistics, F&B, food processing,
wet market and food court owners, hotel owners, tourism, insurance.  Bank loan repayments will get hairy. It goes on. Then, the politicians need to start getting things together because they have constituencies who are suddenly at the receiving end.  Cost
of staples may change abruptly. There’s aid to think about, possible subsidies and new policies. Leaders of neighbouring countries will have to start discussing options. The same goes for abrupt changes in when rain occurs and how much; more to the point,
when are floods and droughts expected and where. At the local level, amenities such as parklands, nature reserves, lakes can be under pressure. The perceived changes can get further aggravated by media reports which create alarm. In turn, this can affect real-estate
sales, rentals, footfalls in public places, tourist traffic and receipts from leisure activities.Similarly let us take a city which may see a sudden drop in air quality over an extended period of time. This might not have been observed before. There will be
higher costs for mitigation than anticipated. Bigger health bills have to be considered. Exodus of quality manpower may lead to a erosion in local economic activity and reduction in tax receipts.). The available reports, mostly in the local press and some
mainline dailies, may present a picture of grave concern and create a cycle of greater decline. 

Change grinds slowly when we look at natural events and their consequences. There are flood, earthquakes, storms. We shrug and move on. But once in a while, a cataclysm visits in such a a way that is quite unprecedented. In the aftermath of such an event,
we tend to look at the pictures, the death toll, the loss of property and so forth. But we miss the bigger picture-which is that the “sudden” event happened in the first place, with little or no warning and with outcomes not prepared for. For financial institutions,
the relevance lies in insurance claims, risk around  collaterals and  the future of invested assets.  Forecasting with instability or uncertainty as a default baseline is a new challenge to tackle.

This requires models to be prepared to infer significantly high levels of dynamism in our natural environment that may have not usually thought about. Data science experts have to reflect on the underlying assumptions of what they work with. Now let us look
at data. The sourcing and treatment of data is key. On one hand, there are met office reports. This is now complicated with private meteorological operators gaining salience online. Then there are reports provided during natural events and disasters by emergency
bodies, local authorities, the press and so forth. Much of this, as read widely, are in the form of news stories and breaking headlines. Great care is needed to understand what is being said. Facts need to be separated from opinion. Facts also need to be seen
in terms of context. Conclusions drawn by various writers have to be considered by putting inter-connectivity between entities and processes under scrutiny. Then, there are studies carried out by academia as well as governments and independent bodies. These
often entail field research and data is collected over an extended period of time. In this case, the purposes of these studies have to be taken into account to understand how the data might speak to us. We have a new frontier in front of us and have to approach
it fearlessly but also with care.

Here’s where I believe we need to go. First, getting data in real-time and then building on it with other information is absolutely important. The data is out there and a lot of people are hard at work gathering it. Accessing it via open frameworks is important.
If I am a microfinance provider who lends to small traders, I need it. If I am  a rural bank with a large book exposed to vagaries of weather due to collaterals being land and crops, I need it. Now, if I am a large institution which has invested into REITs,
then my needs converge with these other smaller insititutions. It is possible this larger player may own some of these smaller players. How do we ensure uniformity of access of the right data to this very diverse set of players? Second, there is no common
scorecard or index that is available publicly. Let’s talk weather change, contextualized locally and it’s impact on a day-by-day basis. There will be a baseline against which indices may be created, perhaps from historical data of the met office. These tickers
need to start scrolling so that finance and other professionals have easy access to at least the headlines of consequences. It helps that the average citizen, too, has this picture. Let us all understand what kind of changes we are looking at. Third, the analytical
engines that are built need to factor in localised as well as regional interconnectivity and inter-dependency. This will take time to build, it will never really stop getting created and there will be a need for sponsors. The most practical way to develop
it will be editions or releases. Individual institutions, no doubt, have access via subscriptions or custom build to highly sophisticated algorithms. Yet, digitisation has a long way to go in many firms, their work routines often don’t allow either incorporating
new platforms or delving into details, and accessible repositories of  relevant outputs are not as numerous as one might hope. Secondary research helps but a relatively detailed reading throws up conflicting views, contention and determinism. That may help
excite readers over a Sunday roast or down at the local pub but won’t go much further. This makes it important to place the right technology at the disposal of decision makers. Much attention has gone towards how much temperature rise is acceptable and what
carbon trading can do to mitigate that. We are now at the point where weather change is consequential. It’s impact on finance and financial services as well as interrelationship with other variables cannot be set aside for future consideration. Digital efforts
and transformation from monolithic infrastructure will need to take this into account as a central need. 

Author’s note-I would like to acknowledge sincerely the various sources I have accessed and quoted with thanks. 

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