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NEC Develops the World’s First Unit Cell Facilitating Scaling Up to a Fully-connected Quantum Annealing Architecture
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Combinational optimization is important for finding solutions to complex social issues. It aims to find the optimal solution from an enormous set of potential choices. In 1999, NEC developed a superconducting qubit for use in gate-type quantum computers. Since then, NEC has applied the technology in the research and development of a quantum annealing machine using superconducting parametron qubits that can solve combinatorial optimization problems at high speed and with great accuracy.
NEC has developed a four qubit unit cell of the LHZ scheme. This enables scaling to multiple fully-connected logical qubits utilizing superconducting parametron and circuit coupling technology. NEC has achieved a world first by successfully solving small-scale combinatorial optimization problems via quantum annealing using this new technology. In another world first, NEC has also developed a three-dimensional structure technology that efficiently connects many LHZ scheme unit cells arranged in a tile pattern with external devices.
By replicating the unit cell in a tile pattern, it is possible to easily create a structure where many qubits are logically connected to each other, whilst maintaining the features of the superconducting parametron that allow it to perform calculations with high accuracy. NEC has made progress toward the realization of a quantum annealing machine that can solve large-scale and complex combinatorial optimization problems at high speed.
NEC is working to develop a quantum annealing machine using superconducting parametrons as a project(4) commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). NEC is currently conducting research and development to improve the integration of superconducting parametrons in a fully connected architecture, with the aim of realizing quantum annealing machines by 2023. NEC will use these results as building blocks to further accelerate the development of quantum computers.
(1) LHZ scheme: LHZ is an abbreviation for a technique proposed by Lechner, Hauke and Zoller. As the number of qubits increases, it becomes difficult in hardware to directly connect each qubit to each of the other qubits. To solve this problem, ParityQC proposed with LHZ a transformation that enables fully connected qubits to be obtained using qubits that are physically connected to only their nearest neighbours. A unit cell, composed of four qubits and a central coupling circuit connecting them can be replicated using a tile-like pattern.
About ParityQC: https://parityqc.com/
(2) Superconducting parametron: A superconducting resonant circuit composed of Josephson junctions and capacitors which oscillates with different phases and can be used as a qubit. The lifetime of the qubit (which determines the upper limit of the time for which high-speed operation is possible) is an order of magnitude longer than that of magnetic flux qubits. It is expected that calculations performed within a fixed time period will have improved accuracy.
(3) Quantum Annealing Machine: A computer that exploits the laws of quantum mechanics to search for the minimum energy state of a cost function. The minimum energy state corresponds to the solution of the combinatorial optimization problem. The smallest unit to be calculated is a qubit. As the number of qubits increases and the connectivity between the qubits increases, larger and more complex combinatorial optimization problems can be solved.
(4) Project for Innovative AI Chip and Next-Generation Computing Technology Development
https://www.nedo.go.jp/english/activities/activities_ZZJP_100123.html
About NEC Corporation
NEC Corporation has established itself as a leader in the integration of IT and network technologies while promoting the brand statement of "Orchestrating a brighter world." NEC enables businesses and communities to adapt to rapid changes taking place in both society and the market as it provides for the social values of safety, security, fairness and efficiency to promote a more sustainable world where everyone has the chance to reach their full potential. For more information, visit NEC at https://www.nec.com.
Copyright 2022 JCN Newswire. All rights reserved. www.jcnnewswire.comNEC Corporation (TSE: 6701) has developed the world's first LHZ scheme unit cell facilitating scaling up to a fully-connected architecture using superconducting parametron quantum bits (qubits).
Cosmos Deep-Dive: The Internet of Blockchains
Cosmos is a permissionless decentralized network of interoperable and independent blockchains that exchange tokens and information. Cosmos was established in order to overcome some of the problems that modern blockchains have. Scalability, governance, and usability are among these concerns. Blockchains can be separated into three conceptual layers from architecture: Application layer: It updates the state of blockchain based on the execution of transactions. Networking Layer: It is in charge of ensuring that transactions and consensus-related messages are propagated. Consensus Layer: It allows nodes to agree on the system’s present state. The Cosmos is a decentralized network of autonomous, scalable, and interoperable blockchains powered by the Tendermint Core Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus algorithm. Cosmos is all about the multi-chain world, seamlessly communicating data and tokens between numerous sovereign blockchains. This establishes a collaborative ecosystem because no project or blockchain in the ecosystem exists to compete with others; instead, Cosmos connects them all. Features of Cosmos: Tendermint Core Cosmos SDK IBC Tendermint Core Tendermint BFT combines a blockchain’s networking layer and consensus layer into a generic engine, allowing developers to focus on the development of the application layer rather than the complicated underlying protocol. Tendermint saves hundreds of hours of development time as a result. Tendermint is also the name of the byzantine fault-tolerant consensus method employed by the Tendermint BFT engine. The Application Blockchain Interface connects the application layer of blockchains with the Tendermint BFT engine through a socket. Any programming language of your choice can be used to wrap the protocol, allowing developers to use whatever language best suits their needs. Cosmos SDK The Cosmos-SDK is an open-source framework for creating multi-asset public Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and Proof-of-Authority (PoA) blockchains, such as the Cosmos Hub. Application-specific blockchains are blockchains that have been created using the Cosmos SDK. The Cosmos SDK’s purpose is to simplify developers to build unique blockchains from the ground up that can natively interact with existing blockchains. IBC It’s a protocol that enables different blockchains to communicate with one another. Considering the legalities and constraints that needed to be met to make this communication process a reality was hard. IBC makes it easy to transfer tokens and other data in a trusted and frictionless manner. It opens up a world of possibilities allowing for interoperability and value transfer, without facing the scaling issues which can be seen today in many blockchains. How does IBC work? The logic behind IBC is very simple. Let us suppose, there is an account on chain X, and it wants to send 20 tokens (for eg. ATOM) to chain Y. Tracking Chain Y receives the headers of chain X continuously and vice versa. This allows every chain to have the track record of the validator set of every other blockchain. For this purpose, each chain runs a light-client of the other. Proof Relay Proof that 20 ATOM tokens are bonded is sent from chain X to chain Y. Validation The proof sent to chain Y is verified against chain X’s header and if the proof is found valid, then 20 ATOM vouchers are created on chain Y. Keep in mind that, ATOM tokens created on chain Y are not real, because real ATOM tokens still exist on chain X. Tokens present on chain Y are just a representation of ATOM on chain X, along with proof that these ATOM tokens are frozen on chain X. A similar process is followed to unlock the tokens when they return to their origin chain. Tokenomics Use Cases of ATOM Token ATOM can be used in three ways: as a spam-prevention system, staking tokens, and voting method in governance. ATOM is used to pay fees as a spam prevention method. Similar to Ethereum’s idea of gas, the fee might be proportionate to the amount of computation required by the transaction. Taking fees is necessary so that malicious actors don’t misuse the blockchain. ATOM can be staked to obtain tokens as rewards. The quantity of ATOM staked determines the Cosmos Hub’s economic security. The more collateralized ATOM there are, the more skin is at stake and the cost of attacking the network rises. As a result, the more ATOM are staked, the better will be the economic security, Governance: ATOM holders can also govern the Cosmos Hub by voting on proposals with their staked ATOM. Initial Token Distribution of Cosmos(ATOM) The Interchain Foundation held multiple private investment rounds, and a public fundraising event on April 6, 2017. According to the Interchain Foundation, private Contributors, Public Contributors, All in Bits Inc (AiB), and the Interchain Foundation were the recipients of these newly created ATOMs. In exchange for a $1,329,472.3 donation, strategic and early adopters received 7.1 percent of the first supply or 16,856,718.97 ATOMs. In exchange for $300,000, the seed contributors received 5% of the initial supply or 11,809,947.91 … Continued
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Eisai: Economic Arrangements of Amendment to Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment Collaboration Agreement with Biogen
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Economic arrangements for 2022 will remain materially unchanged with Eisai's share of ADUHELM expenses capped at $335 million for the costs related to development, commercialization and manufacturing for the period from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022.
In regards to Eisai's financials, no revision will be made at this time to the consolidated earnings forecast for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2022. If Eisai determines that revisions are necessary based on changes including business environment, Eisai will make an announcement as soon as possible.
*ADUHELM is a registered trademark of Biogen Inc.
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Copyright 2022 JCN Newswire. All rights reserved. www.jcnnewswire.comEisai Co., Ltd. announced the following economic arrangements agreed in the amendment to Alzheimer's disease collaboration agreement with Biogen Inc. separately announced today.
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