Probing Sign Structure Using Measurement-induced Entanglement

Abstract

The sign structure of quantum states is closely connected to quantum phases of matter, yet detecting such fine-grained properties of amplitudes is subtle. Here we employ as a diagnostic measurement-induced entanglement (MIE): the average entanglement generated between two parties after measuring the rest of the system. We propose that for a sign-free state, the MIE upon measuring in the sign-free basis decays no slower than correlations in the state before measurement. Concretely, we prove that MIE is upper bounded by mutual information for sign-free stabilizer states (essentially CSS codes), which establishes a bound between scaling dimensions of conformal field theories describing measurement-induced critical points in stabilizer systems. We also show that for sign-free qubit wavefunctions, MIE between two qubits is upper bounded by a simple two-point correlation function, and we verify our proposal in several critical ground states of one-dimensional systems, including the transverse field and tri-critical Ising models. In contrast, for states with sign structure, such bounds can be violated, as we illustrate in critical hybrid circuits involving both Haar or Clifford random unitaries and measurements, and gapless symmetry-protected topological states.

Popular summary

Does a sign-free wavefunction have any physical property that allows us to distinguish it from a generic wavefunction? In our work, we show that “measurement induced entanglement” (MIE) can serve as a diagnostic: we ask how much entanglement can be generated on average between two parties after measuring the rest of the system.
We find that measuring sign-free states in a sign-free basis cannot generate significantly more entanglement than the correlations existing before measurement. In particular, we show that for a sign-free stabilizer state, its MIE is upper-bounded by its mutual information, while for a more general sign-free qubit state, its MIE is upper-bounded by a correlation function. We also verify the MIE diagnostic in various critical systems, including the recently discovered “measurement induced phase transitions” and the ground states of several one-dimensional critical spin chains. Indeed, we find the numerical results from the above sign-free critical states support our finding, while the non-sign-free critical states can generate unbounded MIE.

► BibTeX data

@article{Lin2023probingsign, doi = {10.22331/q-2023-02-02-910}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-02-02-910}, title = {Probing sign structure using measurement-induced entanglement}, author = {Lin, Cheng-Ju and Ye, Weicheng and Zou, Yijian and Sang, Shengqi and Hsieh, Timothy H.}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{“{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {7}, pages = {910}, month = feb, year = {2023}<br /> }

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[2] Samuel J. Garratt, Zack Weinstein, and Ehud Altman, “Measurements conspire nonlocally to restructure critical quantum states”, arXiv:2207.09476, (2022).

[3] Stefano Antonini, Gregory Bentsen, ChunJun Cao, Jonathan Harper, Shao-Kai Jian, and Brian Swingle, “Holographic measurement and bulk teleportation”, Journal of High Energy Physics 2022 12, 124 (2022).

[4] Gilles Parez, Clément Berthiere, and William Witczak-Krempa, “Separability and entanglement of resonating valence-bond states”, arXiv:2212.11740, (2022).

[5] Zack Weinstein, Rohith Sajith, Ehud Altman, and Samuel J. Garratt, “Nonlocality and entanglement in measured critical quantum Ising chains”, arXiv:2301.08268, (2023).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2023-02-02 13:29:28). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

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Probing sign structure using measurement-induced entanglement

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Probing sign structure using measurement-induced entanglement

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